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Sport participation policy Sport participation policies influence who has access to sport and competition, which in turn shapes our idea of who is an athlete. While inclusion policies can be based on age, school attendance, or geography, they are frequently also based on gender. Rules about gender classifications affect access to sport for transgender athletes. This chapter will – cover a brief history of athletic participation…
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Introduction The discussion of gender in sports is not new in the world of professional, amateur, and even high school athletic events. This chapter starts by exploring historic definitions of gender within the context of sport and then outlines some of the challenges that remain with the current methods used to determine gender in competition. Conversations regarding the fairness in athletic competition have been ongoing in…
Introduction The purpose of gender-affirming surgery is to help alleviate distress associated with anatomical structures which (1) cannot be altered or eliminated by medical treatment, (2) have not changed enough with medical treatment, or (3) require the patient to take additional medication to maintain their body in congruence with their gender. Not all individuals who identify as transgender (or gender diverse) want or need surgery. However,…
I think the beauty of being human is that we are incredibly, intimately near each other, we know about each other, but yet we do not know or never can know what it’s like inside another person (O'Donahue, 2008). Jordan K.’s personal story: being different meant violence If you asked me where I was from, I would most likely give you a series of locations and…
Introduction The estimated prevalence of transgender individuals in the United States is 390 in 100,000 [ ]. In order to better care for the transgender athlete, a provider must understand the biochemical changes that occur during gender transition and their potential effect on athletes' physiology, injury risk, and performance. It is important to gather a detailed history on pharmacological agents and other interventions used throughout patients'…
For some transgender individuals, medical transition represents an important aspect of gender affirmation and alleviation of feelings of gender dysphoria. As with other aspects of gender transition, personal preferences and goals related to medical transition can vary widely between individuals. Broadly, interventions can be divided into gender-affirming hormone therapy and surgical interventions. Some transgender individuals choose to undergo medical transition, some choose to undergo surgical interventions,…
Epidemiology An estimated 0.6% of adults in the United States identify as transgender [ ]. The prevalence of transgender youth has been more difficult to predict. In one study, the youngest group was those aged 13–17 and it was predicted that 0.7% of individuals identified as transgender, which is slightly higher than that of the adult population [ ]. Although the exact prevalence of nonbinary identities…
Introduction Before a practitioner can begin work with a Transgender Athlete, it is important to be comfortable with a vernacular that is applicable to all individuals, but often exclusively associated with members of the LGBTQ+ community. In modern society, terms like Gender, Sex, Identities, Pronouns, and Sexual Orientation , are often viewed through rainbow-colored glasses, despite the universality of these domains. Although these topics apply to…
History Electronic sports (esports), or competitive sports competition focused around video games, is a rapidly growing industry Esports athletes train 10–12 hours a day, crafting their skills in various console and computer-based video games, including League of Legends, Counterstrike: Global Offensive, Rocket League, Overwatch , and Fortnite. Top-performing esports athletes possess a specific skill set of enhanced neurocognitive processing speed, reaction time, and impulse control, making…
Introduction The definition of extreme sports (ES) includes any sport featuring high speed, height, real or perceived danger, a high level of physical exertion, highly specialized gear or spectacular stunts, and involving elements of increased risk for major injuries or fatalities. ES activities tend to be individual and can be pursued both competitively and noncompetitively. Often taking place in remote locations and in variable environmental conditions…
Rodeo Introduction Rodeo is a competitive sport with participants of all ages and at all competition levels. Athletes may compete in a single event or multiple events and may attend anywhere from one to four or five events in a single weekend. Most events are derived from skills needed to work cattle. Epidemiology The composite injury rate for professionals is 16.6/1000 competitor exposures and for high…
Introduction Rock climbing popularity and access have opened the sport up to climbers of all ages. Beginning with Tokyo 2020, sport climbing included in Summer Olympic Games International Federation of Sports Climbing (IFSC) organizes senior and junior World Championships, World Cup, and international events Climbing requires strength, endurance, flexibility, agility, and courage Equipment advances have made climbing safer Overuse and climbing-specific injuries pose challenges to climbers…
Introduction Ultraendurance and adventure races are prolonged events, usually longer than 6 hours (and some may be as long as 10 days) that usually take place in remote, austere, harsh, or extreme environments. These events include challenging terrain, extreme elevation changes, inclement weather, and on-course obstacles. Adventure races require participants to perform multiple disciplines that may include trail running, hiking, mountaineering, mountain biking, boating/rafting, climbing, caving,…
General Principles This chapter develops an algorithm for managing mass participation endurance events. The medical director is the safety and health advocate for athletes who participate in the race. The safety of athletes is the primary purpose of race medical operations. A central medical command structure can improve the efficiency of the medical team, integrate community resources into the medical plan, and reduce response times for…
Introduction Inline skating, skateboarding, and bicycle motocross (BMX) are relatively new sports that are often included in the category of adventure and extreme sports (AES). These sports have had increased participation and popularity in the last couple of decades, in part because of AES events (such as X-games); inclusion of some AES in the Olympic Games; and social media, Internet sites, sponsorships, television channels, and AES…
General Principles Definitions The term “mountain biking” broadly refers to riding bikes with specific design characteristics in various off-road settings. Mountain bikes generally differ from road bikes in several ways: a smaller frame, stronger wheels, larger range of gears, a wider flat or upright handlebar, hydraulic brakes, suspension, and wider, knobby tires. There are many riding and bike types, with some overlap between bikes and riding…
General Principles Races Road Racing Stage races: Multiday races over consecutive days with daily stage winners and an overall winner based on cumulative time; mass start races where the athletes ride in a peloton. Grand tours: Tour de France, Giro d’Italia, and Vuelta a España; usually include a prologue, flat stages for “sprinters,” hilly stages for “climbers,” and time trials. Road races: Mass-start point-to-point races between…
Introduction Overview Track and field often attracts multisport athletes. The sport involves year-round competition and training. Differing athletic events subject athletes to differing demands. For example: The shot put demands explosive power. Endurance events demand high levels of aerobic conditioning and stamina. Sprint distances (100 m, 200 m, and 400 m) demand explosive conditioning for power, flexibility, and anaerobic conditioning. Middle distance races (800 m or…